References
Accessed 2026-10-04 unless noted. [Preprint] = not peer reviewed. [Secondary] = summary, encyclopedia entry, news report or third-party record used in place of the primary source. [Not re-consulted] = cited from its verified bibliographic record; text not re-read for this draft.
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- Welbourne, T. M., & Gomez-Mejia, L. R. "Gainsharing: A Critical Review and a Future Research Agenda." Journal of Management 21(3):559–609, June 1995. https://asu.elsevierpure.com/en/publications/gainsharing-a-critical-review-and-a-future-research-agenda [Not re-consulted] (abstract and record only).
- TBM Council. "TBM Taxonomy," v5.0.1, released 18 July 2025. https://www.tbmcouncil.org/taxonomy
- Hixson, D., & Guliani, K. "Capacity Planning." USENIX ;login: 40(1):32–38, February 2015. https://www.usenix.org/system/files/login/articles/login_feb15_07_hixson.pdf
- Gordon, A., Kirby, C., Hixson, D., et al. "Capacity Planning" (chapter 15). In Beyer, B., Jones, C., Leng, C., Huska, D., Petoff, J., & Murphy, N. R. (eds.), Site Reliability Engineering, 2nd ed. O'Reilly, September 2026. https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/site-reliability-engineering/9798341607675/ch15.html — Full chapter read in the O'Reilly online edition, 7 October 2026.
- Olavson, T. "Humans-in-the-loop forecasting: integrating data science and business planning." The Unofficial Google Data Science Blog, 4 December 2019. https://www.unofficialgoogledatascience.com/2019/12/humans-in-loop-forecasting-integrating.html (accessed 2026-10-05).
- Kahneman, D., & Lovallo, D. "Timid Choices and Bold Forecasts: A Cognitive Perspective on Risk Taking." Management Science 39(1):17–31, 1993. https://ideas.repec.org/a/inm/ormnsc/v39y1993i1p17-31.html (abstract consulted, 2026-10-05).
- Flyvbjerg, B. "Curbing Optimism Bias and Strategic Misrepresentation in Planning: Reference Class Forecasting in Practice." European Planning Studies 16(1):3–21, 2008. https://ideas.repec.org/a/taf/eurpls/v16y2006i1p3-21.html (abstract consulted, 2026-10-05; the RePEc record's identifier carries 2006, the volume is 2008).
- "Cost driver." Wikipedia (definitions of resource and activity drivers). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost_driver [Secondary] The definition of a cost driver in the text is the author's paraphrase of standard usage.
- Sigelman, B. H., Barroso, L. A., Burrows, M., Stephenson, P., Plakal, M., Beaver, D., Jaspan, S., & Shanbhag, C. "Dapper, a Large-Scale Distributed Systems Tracing Infrastructure." Google Technical Report dapper-2010-1, April 2010. https://static.googleusercontent.com/media/research.google.com/en//archive/papers/dapper-2010-1.pdf
- Farrow, R. "Capacity Engineering: An Interview with Rick Boone." USENIX ;login: 43(3), Fall 2018. https://www.usenix.org/system/files/login/articles/login_fall18_08_boone.pdf
- Schroder, C. "Twitter's Chargeback System Measures Resource Use and Sends Out a Bill." Linux.com, 7 November 2016, reporting a LinuxCon North America 2016 talk by V. Charanya and M. Benedict. https://www.linux.com/audience/enterprise/twitters-chargeback-system-measures-resource-use-and-sends-out-bill/ [Secondary]
- Sutherland, I. E. "A Futures Market in Computer Time." Communications of the ACM 11(6):449–451, 1968. https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/363347.363396
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- Verma, A., Pedrosa, L., Korupolu, M., Oppenheimer, D., Tune, E., & Wilkes, J. "Large-scale cluster management at Google with Borg." Proc. EuroSys '15, Bordeaux, April 2015. doi:10.1145/2741948.2741964. https://static.googleusercontent.com/media/research.google.com/en//pubs/archive/43438.pdf
- Sivan, B., Paes Leme, R., Tiuca, M., McFarlane, I., Gkatzelis, V., Mehta, N., Hassas Yeganeh, S., Mirrokni, V., & Vahdat, A. "Quota Marketplace: Dynamic Pricing for Efficient Allocation of ML Training Resources." arXiv:2607.09802v1, 9 July 2026. https://arxiv.org/html/2607.09802 [Preprint]
- IT Process Maps. "Capacity Management (ITIL)." IT Process Wiki. https://wiki.en.it-processmaps.com/index.php/Capacity_Management [Secondary] summary of ITIL V3/2011 and ITIL 4.
- FinOps Foundation. "FinOps Personas." FinOps Framework. https://www.finops.org/framework/personas/
- FinOps Foundation. "Allocation" (cost allocation capability). FinOps Framework. https://www.finops.org/framework/capabilities/allocation/
- FinOps Foundation. "Data Center" (technology category; introduced as a scope in the 2025 Framework update, 20 March 2025). FinOps Framework. https://www.finops.org/framework/technology-categories/data-center/ ; https://finops.org/insights/2025-finops-framework
- Wallace, T. F., & Stahl, R. A. Sales & Operations Planning: The How-To Handbook, 3rd ed. T. F. Wallace & Co., 2008. [Not re-consulted]
- Allspaw, J. The Art of Capacity Planning. O'Reilly, 2008; Kejariwal, A., & Allspaw, J. The Art of Capacity Planning, 2nd ed. O'Reilly, September 2017. https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/the-art-of/9781491939192/ (scope assessed from the publisher's table of contents).
- Cockcroft, A., & Walker, B. Capacity Planning for Internet Services. Sun BluePrints. Sun Microsystems Press / Prentice Hall PTR, June 2001. ISBN 978-0-13-089402-1. https://informit.com/store/capacity-planning-for-internet-services-9780130894021 (publisher's description consulted, 2026-10-07).
- Gunther, N. J. Guerrilla Capacity Planning: A Tactical Approach to Planning for Highly Scalable Applications and Services. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer, 2007. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-31010-5. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-540-31010-5 (publisher's description consulted, 2026-10-07).
- Sonney, K., & Dufresne, M.-A. "Capacity Constraints Unveiled: Navigating Cloud Scaling Realities." SREcon24 Americas, 18 March 2024. https://www.usenix.org/conference/srecon24americas/presentation/sonney (abstract consulted, 2026-10-07).
- Han, J., & Phadnis, P. "Cloud Efficiency at Netflix." Netflix TechBlog, 17 December 2024. https://netflixtechblog.com/cloud-efficiency-at-netflix-f2a142955f83
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- Quesada Torres, L., & Colish, D. "SRE Best Practices for Capacity Management." USENIX ;login: 45(4), Winter 2020. https://sre.google/static/pdf/login_winter20_10_torres.pdf (accessed 2026-10-07).
- Rai, R., Ho, G., & Huang, F. "Meta Capacity Planning for AI Training Hardware." Talk at AI Infra @Scale 2024, 22 August 2024. Talk page and summary: https://atscaleconference.com/meta-capacity-planning-for-ai-training-hardware/ (accessed 2026-10-05).
- Vora, M., Deek, L., & Livengood, E. "Content Popularity for Open Connect." Netflix TechBlog, 20 June 2017. https://netflixtechblog.com/content-popularity-for-open-connect-b86d56f613b (accessed 2026-10-05).
- Jiang, J. "Capacity Planning for Alibaba's Double 11 Shopping Festival." Alibaba Cloud Blog, 9 November 2018. https://www.alibabacloud.com/blog/capacity-planning-for-alibabas-double-11-shopping-festival_594164 (accessed 2026-10-05).
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- TBM Council. "Allocation Methods" (cost allocation guidance). Web page, updated 4 September 2025. https://www.tbmcouncil.org/learn-tbm/tbm-modeling/allocation-methods/
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- Sharwood, S. "Low-quality hardware, server supply chain kinks, slow AWS AI." The Register, 7 February 2025 (reporting Amazon's Q4 2024 results and useful-life study). https://www.theregister.com/software/2025/02/07/low-quality-hardware-server-supply-chain-kinks-slow-aws-ai/502483 [Secondary] (Amazon's FY2024 Form 10-K not consulted).
- Costello, K. W., & Hemphill, R. C. "Electric Utilities' 'Death Spiral': Hyperbole or Reality?" The Electricity Journal 27(10):7–26, December 2014. Copy consulted: https://energia.pr.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2016/07/Attachment-RH-1-Costello-Hemphill-Death-Spiral-2014_Final-Pub.pdf
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- Google Cloud. "Get key spending insights for your GKE resource allocation and cluster costs" (GKE cost allocation). Documentation. https://docs.cloud.google.com/kubernetes-engine/docs/how-to/cost-allocations
- Kubecost. "Allocations Dashboard." Kubecost documentation. https://docs.kubecost.com/using-kubecost/navigating-the-kubecost-ui/cost-allocation
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Sources added in version 7.9
Cited as [A1]–[A9] until the next full renumbering by first appearance. Accessed 2026-10-10.
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